Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and indigestion. They work by reducing the production of stomach acid by blocking the enzyme system in the gastric parietal cells that pump acid into the stomach. PPIs are typically taken orally and are available by prescription or over-the-counter. They are generally considered safe and effective for short-term use, but long-term use has been associated with potential side effects such as increased risk of bone fractures, kidney disease, and nutrient deficiencies. Research in this area focuses on improving the understanding of the mechanism of action, optimizing dosing regimens, and evaluating the safety and efficacy of long-term use of PPIs.